Anolis extremus
System : Terrestrial
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Animalia
Chordata
Reptilia
Polychrotidae
- General
- Distribution
- Impact
- Management
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Common name
zanndoli (English, Saint Lucia), Barbados anole (English)
Synonym
Anolis roquet , var. extremus Garman, 1887
Anolis roquet extremus , Grant, 1959
Anolis roquet extremus , Schmidt, 1970
Anolis extremus , Schwartz & Henderson, 1991
Anolis roquet extremus , Grant, 1959
Anolis roquet extremus , Schmidt, 1970
Anolis extremus , Schwartz & Henderson, 1991
Similar species
Summary
Native to Barbados, Anolis extremus is a fairly large anole capable of competing with and / or displacing both native and other introduced anole lizards. This is best illustrated on St. Lucia where the native A. luciae has been displaced from urban and suburban locations. However, the limited distribution of A. extremus on St. Lucia has prevented it from becoming a serious threat.
Species Description
Anolis extremus is a fairly large, arboreal anole, with males growing up to 85 mm from snout to tail-base (Daltry, 2009). Colour is mossy green with dark brown or black markings and sometimes pale spots, mainly in the front half of the body. The front half may also have a lavender or grey hue with the head being blue grey or lavender (Daltry, 2009). Males have a dark ring around the eye and a yellow or orange dewlap with greenish scales (Daltry, 2009). Females are smaller, growing up to 60 mm from snout to tail-base. Colours are similar but duller and there may be a striped or obsolete pattern down the spine (Daltry, 2009).
Notes
Anolis extremus is one of three introduced anole species present on Bermuda, along with Graham's anole (see Norops grahami) and the Barbuda Bank tree anole (see A. leachii) (Wingate, 1965). The effects of these lizards, particularly N. grahami led to the introduction of the great kiskadee (see Pitangus sulphuratus) as a biocontrol agent in 1957. However, this biocontrol attempt was a failure, with P. sulphuratus playing a significant role in the population declines of native insect, bird and reptile species on Bermuda (Cheesman & Clubbe, 2007; Davenport et al., 2008).
On Saint Lucia, A. extremus is one of two introduced anole lizards including Watt's anole (see A. wattsi) (Gorman, 1976) and on Trinidad, A. extremus was one of four introduced anole lizards including Watt's anole (A. wattsi), the bronze anole, (see A. aeneus) and Saint Vincent's tree anole (see A. trinitatis) (Hailey et al., 2009); the presence of A. extremus however has not been reported on Trinidad since 1982 (Hailey et al., 2009).
Habitat Description
On St. Lucia, Anolis extremus is found mainly in gardens, urban areas and adjoining patches of forest; it has not been recorded in deep forest (Daltry, 2009). Losos (1996) described A. extremus as an arboreal lizard, most likely found at eye-level on tree trunks and less frequently on tree branches.
Reproduction
The female Anolis extremus lays and buries one or two eggs in a shallow nest in the soil (Daltry, 2009).
Nutrition
The diet of Anolis extremus is very varied, including ants, spiders, crickets, cockroaches, grasshoppers, insect larvae, and occasionally fruit (Daltry, 2009). They are \"sit and wait\" predators that perch on tree trunks, branches and bushes, scanning the ground and undergrowth for prey (Daltry, 2009).
Pathway
Most likely capable of dispersal as a stowaway on cargo ships (Wingate, 1965).
Principal source:
Compiler: IUCN SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) with support from the Overseas Territories Environmental Programme (OTEP) project XOT603, a joint project with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment
Review:
Publication date: 2010-06-29
Recommended citation: Global Invasive Species Database (2024) Species profile: Anolis extremus. Downloaded from http://iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1676 on 24-11-2024.
General Impacts
Anolis extremus affects the distribution of similar species, including the native A. luciae on St. Lucia (Gorman, 1976), and the introduced Norops grahami on Bermuda (Losos, 1996). On St. Lucia, A. extremus has led to the displacement of A. luciae from urban and suburban areas; however its distribution at present is too limited to pose a serious threat (Daltry, 2009). On Bermuda, A. extremus and N. grahami are ecologically similar enough to slow each others range expansion, but not similar enough to competitively exclude each other (Losos, 1996).
Management Info
Physical control: While eradications may be unfeasible for widespread Anolis extremus invasions on islands such as St. Lucia, Daltry (2009) suggests that hand removal may be successful for local control.
Biological control: On St. Lucia, A. extremus is preyed upon by the introduced mongoose (Herpestes javanicus), however this has not been enough to significantly impact abundance (Daltry, 2009).
Cultural control: Daltry (2009) makes several management recommendations for St. Lucia to prevent the spread of A. extremus to other offshore islands. These include: listing A. extremus as Unprotected under the Wildlife Protection Act; monitoring the spread of this species and be vigilant for signs that it is invading mature, natural forests; preventing A. extremus from invading the offshore islands, especially the Maria islands, by screening all boats and baggage; and supporting reptile conservation in other tropical countries by prohibiting, screening and removing anole lizards from exported cargo (Daltry, 2009).
