GISD

Paratrechina longicornis

System : Terrestrial

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Animalia

Arthropoda

Insecta

Hymenoptera

Formicidae

Full account (PDF)

General
Distribution
Impact
Management
Bibliography
Contact

Common name

higenaga-ameiro-ari (English), hairy ant (English), crazy ant (English), slender crazy ant (English), long-horned ant (English)

Synonym

Formica longicornis , Latreille (1802)
Prenolepis longicornis , Roger (1863)
Prenolepis (Nylanderia) longicornis , Emery (1910)
Formica vagans , Jerdon (1851)
Formica gracilescens , Nylander (1856)
Tapinoma gracilescens , F. Smith (1858)
Paratrechina currens , Motschoulsky (1863)
Paratrechina longicornis , (Latreille) (1925)

Similar species

Summary

Paratrechina longicornis (the crazy ant) is a tramp ant, which, by definition, is an ant that is widely dispersed through commerce and other human-assisted avenues. It is extremely easy to identify by observing its rapid and erratic movements. Paratrechina longicornis is highly adaptable to various environments and can be a major pest. It occurs in large numbers in homes or outdoors and is capable of displacing other ants and possibly other invertebrates. Paratrechina longicornis forages over long distances away from its nest, making the nest hard to find and the ants difficult to control.

view this species on IUCN Red List

Species Description

Crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis) is extremely easy to identify by observing its rapid and erratic movements. The antennae have 12-segments without a club and the scape, the basal segment of the antenna, is extraordinarily long with the apex surpassing the posterior border of the head by at least one-half the scape length. Workers are relatively small (2.3-3mm). Head, thorax, petiole and gaster are dark brown to blackish and the body often has a faint bluish iridescence. All workers in a colony are monomorphic and have only one node between the propodeum and the gaster. Eyes are elliptical, strongly convex, and placed close to the posterior border of the head. Legs are extraordinarily long. The head is elongate and the mandibles narrow. Each mandible has five teeth. A stinger is lacking but P. longicornis may bite an intruder and curve its abdomen forward to inject a formic acid secretion from its acidopore onto the wound. Confirmation of identification may be made with the aid of a hand lens, through which the extremely long antennal scape, long legs and erect setae are very apparent. (Creighton, 1950; Harris and Berry, 2005; Nickerson and Barbara, 2000; and Onoyama and Morisita, 2003).

Please click on AntWeb: Paratrechina longicornis for more images and assistance with identification. The AntWeb image comparison tool lets you compare images of ants at the subfamily, genus, species or specimen level. You may also specify which types of images you would like to comare: head, profile, dorsal, or label.
Please see PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) Species Content Page Ants: Crazy ant for high quality diagnostic and overview images.

Please follow this link for a fully illustrated Lucid key to common invasive ants [Hymenoptera: Formicidae] of the Pacific Island region [requires the most recent version of Java installed]. The factsheet on Paratrechina longicornis contains an overview, diagnostic features, comparision charts, images, nomenclature and links. (Sarnat, 2008)

Notes

The common name \"crazy ant\" arises from the ants characteristic erratic and rapid movement, not following trails as often as other ants. P. longicornis is morphologically distinctive and is one of the few Paratrechina species that is not consistently mis-identified in collections (Harris and Berry, 2005; and Nickerson and Barbara, 2000).

Lifecycle Stages

Crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis) colonies range from moderate to heavily populous. The colonies may raise sexuals at any time of the year in warmer regions, but in the seasonal climate of north Florida, alate production is apparently limited to the warm rainy months of spring through late summer. On warm, humid evenings, large numbers of males gather outside nest entrances and may mill about excitedly. Workers patrol vegetation and other structures nearby. Periodically, a dealate queen emerges. Trager (1984) has suggested that mating occurs in such groupings around the nest entrance. Wings of queens are removed while still callow and males were never observed to fly or use their wings in any way. However, in several cases it has been observed that males frequently appear at lights (Nickerson and Barbara, 2000).

Uses

Paratrechina longicornis is involved in an important mutualistic relationship with the eggs of the lizard Mabuya longicaudata in its native range of Taiwan. In high moisture enviroments reptile eggs are able to condense water on their surfaces. These small water droplets are collected by P. longicornis. When water droplets and P. longicornis were experimentally removed from the eggs of M. longicaudata the eggs were attacked by the egg predator ant Pheidole taivanensis. Both ant species actively searched for the reptilian eggs, with P. taivanensis usually finding eggs first. In the absence of P. longicornis, P. taivanensis predation dramatically reduced lizard egg survival. However when P. longicornis found nests later they were usually able to displace the egg predator ant (Huang, 2008).

Habitat Description

Crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis) is highly adaptable, living in both very dry and rather moist habitats. It often nests some distance away from its foraging area and is usually associated with disturbance. They are a common pest ant in houses and seem peculiarly adapted to the interior and immediate vicinity of human habitations. It nests in such places as trash, refuse, cavities in plants and trees, rotten wood, in soil under objects and also have been found under debris left standing in buildings for long periods of time. A crazy ant nest site can be found by looking for workers carrying food back to the nest. P. longicornis can also be found in other environments such as beaches, dry tortugas, geothermal areas, farms and even ships. It is also present in some native vegetation in the tropics, such as in conservation areas on offshore islands. In cold climates, the ants nest in centrally heated buildings. On beaches at high tide, nests can be found submerged underwater and are probably protected from flooding by air trapped in the nest galleries (Harris and Berry, 2005; Longino, 2004; and Nickerson and Barbara, 2000).

Reproduction

Crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis) colonies are polygyne. Nests contain up to 2000 workers and 40 queens. Reproduction is throughout the year in warm climates but more restricted in cooler climates. Workers are probably sterile. Colonies occur in temporary nests, are highly mobile, and will move if disturbed. These ants can nest in a variety of locations from dry to moist environments (Harris and Berry, 2005).

Nutrition

Crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis) foragers are opportunistic omnivores, feeding on live and dead insects, seeds, honeydew, fruits, plant exudates and many household foods. P. longicornis thrive in places such as shops and cafes, where workers may be seen transporting crumbs and insects. They apparently have a seasonal preference for a high-protein diet and during the summer months may refuse honey or sugar baits. They are attracted to honeydew producing homopterans in spring and autumn/fall. Honeydew is obtained by tending plant lice, mealy bugs and scales. Foragers will also collect seeds. Large prey items, such as a lizard, are carried by a highly concerted group action. Workers feed on many household foods, such as meat, grease, sweets, fruits, vegetables and liquids (Smith 1965)\" (Harris and Berry, 2005; and Nickerson and Barbara, 2000).

Pathway

On 26 October 1990, Greg Mayer, Tina Kuklenski, and Scott Miller sampled invertebrates from a large shipment (an entire barge) of potted plants being unloaded at Guana Island, British Virgin Islands (BVI). The shipment was infested with large numbers of insects and snails, and included P. longicornis (Miller, 1994).On 26 October 1990, Greg Mayer, Tina Kuklenski, and Scott Miller sampled invertebrates from a large shipment (an entire barge) of potted plants being unloaded at Guana Island, British Virgin Islands (BVI). The shipment was infested with large numbers of insects and snails and included P. longicornis (Miller, 1994).Human-mediated dispersal has helped the spread of P. longicornis at local, regional, national and international scales (Harris et al. 2005). It can be associated with any commodity and transport mode from countries with established populations and is commonly intercepted on air and sea cargo, including fresh produce, timber, empty sea containers and personal baggage (Simon O'Connor pers comm).

Principal source: Harris, R.; Abbott, K.; Barton, K.; Berry, J.; Don, W.; Gunawardana, D.; Lester, P.; Rees, J.; Stanley, M.; Sutherland, A.; Toft, R. 2005: Invasive ant pest risk assessment project for Biosecurity New Zealand.
Nickerson and Barbara, 2000 Paratrechina longicornis

Compiler: National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) & IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
Updates with support from the Overseas Territories Environmental Programme (OTEP) project XOT603, a joint project with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment

Review: Simon O'Connor Coordinator, Pacific Ant Prevention Programme Secretariat of the Pacific Community New Zealand

Publication date: 2010-10-04

Recommended citation: Global Invasive Species Database (2024) Species profile: Paratrechina longicornis. Downloaded from http://iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=958 on 22-11-2024.

General Impacts

Crazy ant (Paratrechina longicornis) is an extremely hardy species. Its ability to invade a varying degree of habitats makes it serious threat. It occurs in large numbers in homes or outdoors. They forage long distances away from the nest, making them hard to find and subsequently make it difficult to control. P. longicornis is a common tramp that invades houses and heated buildings. It is known to transport pathogenic microbes in hospitals. P. longicornis is capable of displacing other ants and possibly other invertebrates. It is also difficult to control with current commercially available chemical controls because they show limited effectiveness. Nests can be in cracks in concrete or around wharf piles, which makes nests often difficult to locate and control. (Harris and Berry, 2005; and Nickerson and Barbara, 2000).

Management Info

Preventative measures: Early detection by active surveillance and subsequent nest treatment is the best way to prevent any ant species from establishing in novel environments. Pitfalls and attractant baits are both methods that can yield good results (Simon O'Connor pers.comm).

The Pacific Ant Prevention Programme is a proposal prepared for the Pacific Plant Protection Organisation and Regional Technical Meeting for Plant Protection. This plan aims to prevent the red imported fire ant and other invasive ant species with economic, environmental or social impacts from establishing within or spreading between countries in the Pacific.

A detailed pest risk assessment for the eight species ranked as having the highest potential risk to New Zealand (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Lasius neglectus, Monomorium destructor, Paratrechina longicornis, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis richteri, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Wasmannia auropunctata) was prepared as part of 'The invasive ant risk assessment project', Harris et al. 2005., for Biosecurity New Zealand by Landcare Research. The invasive ant risk assessment for Paratrechina longicornis can be viewed at Paratrechina longicornis risk assessment
Please see Paratrechina longicornis information sheet for more information on biology, distribution, pest status and control technologies. \r\n

Cultural: Non-chemical control is based on exclusion through good housekeeping practices and cleanliness, eliminating food sources. Crazy ants often nest outdoors so prevention of their entrance by caulking exterior penetrations and weather-stripping may aid in their control (Nickerson and Barbara, 2000).

Chemical: Inside buildings, chemical controls are based on baits, dusts and spot treatments with residual sprays. Outdoor treatments include chemical formulations such as baits, granules, dusts, and sprays (Nickerson and Barbara, 2000).

Please follow this link for more detailed information on the management of Paratrechina longicornis compiled by the ISSG.

Locations

Countries (or multi-country features) with distribution records for Paratrechina longicornis

ALIEN RANGE

[1] algeria
[1] anguilla
[1] antigua and barbuda
[1] arabian peninsula
[1] argentina
[1] aruba
[8] australia
[1] bahamas
[1] bahrain
[1] bangladesh
[1] barbados
[1] belize
[3] bermuda
[4] brazil
[1] british indian ocean territory
[1] british isles
[1] brunei darussalam
[1] cameroon
[3] canada
[1] cape verde
[1] cayman islands
[1] central african republic
[2] chile
[1] china
[1] christmas island
[1] colombia
[1] comoros
[1] congo, the democratic republic of the
[1] cook islands
[1] costa rica
[1] cuba
[1] czech republic
[1] denmark
[1] dominica
[1] dominican republic
[1] dutch leeward islands
[3] ecuador
[1] egypt
[1] el salvador
[1] equatorial guinea
[1] eritrea
[1] estonia
[1] ethiopia
[1] fiji
[1] france
[1] french guiana
[5] french polynesia
[1] french southern territories
[1] gambia
[1] germany
[1] ghana
[1] gibraltar
[1] greece
[1] grenada
[1] guadeloupe
[1] guatemala
[1] guinea
[1] guyana
[1] haiti
[1] honduras
[1] iberian peninsula
[1] india
[1] indonesia
[1] iran, islamic republic of
[1] iraq
[1] ireland
[1] israel
[1] italy
[2] jamaica
[1] japan
[1] kenya
[4] kiribati
[1] lebanon
[1] madagascar
[2] malawi
[1] malaysia
[1] maldives
[1] mali
[1] malta
[1] marshall islands
[1] martinique
[2] mauritius
[1] mexico
[1] micronesia, federated states of
[1] montserrat
[1] morocco
[1] myanmar
[1] nauru
[1] nepal
[1] netherlands
[1] new caledonia
[6] new zealand
[1] nicaragua
[1] nigeria
[1] niue
[1] norfolk island
[1] northern mariana islands
[1] oman
[1] pakistan
[1] palau
[2] panama
[1] papua new guinea
[1] paraguay
[1] peru
[1] philippines
[1] pitcairn
[5] portugal
[23] puerto rico
[1] reunion
[2] saint helena
[1] saint kitts and nevis
[1] saint lucia
[1] saint martin (french part)
[1] saint vincent and the grenadines
[1] samoa
[1] sao tome and principe
[1] saudi arabia
[1] senegal
[1] seychelles
[1] sierra leone
[1] singapore
[1] solomon islands
[1] somalia
[1] south africa
[3] spain
[1] sri lanka
[1] sudan
[1] suriname
[1] sweden
[1] switzerland
[1] syrian arab republic
[1] taiwan
[1] tanzania, united republic of
[1] thailand
[1] timor-leste
[2] tokelau
[1] tonga
[1] trinidad and tobago
[1] turks and caicos islands
[1] tuvalu
[1] united arab emirates
[1] united kingdom
[31] united states
[1] united states minor outlying islands
[1] vanuatu
[1] venezuela
[1] viet nam
[1] virgin islands, british
[2] virgin islands, u.s.
[1] wallis and futuna
[1] yemen

NATIVE RANGE

africa

Management information

Please follow this link for more detailed information on the management of Paratrechina longicornis compiled by the ISSG.

Locations

CANADA

British Columbia

MALAWI

NEW ZEALAND

SIERRA LEONE

Management Category

Control

MALAWI
- Malawi
NEW ZEALAND
SIERRA LEONE
- Sierra Leone

None

Monitoring

Bibliography

46 references found for Paratrechina longicornis

Management information

AntWeb, 2006. Paratrechina longicornis
Summary: AntWeb illustrates ant diversity by providing information and high quality color images of many of the approximately 10,000 known species of ants. AntWeb currently focusses on the species of the Nearctic and Malagasy biogeographic regions, and the ant genera of the world. Over time, the site is expected to grow to describe every species of ant known. AntWeb provides the following tools: Search tools, Regional Lists, In-depth information, Ant Image comparision tool PDF field guides maps on AntWeb and Google Earth and Ant genera of the world slide show.
AntWeb is available from: http://antweb.org/about.jsp [Accessed 20 April 2006]
The species page is available from: http://antweb.org/getComparison.do?rank=species&genus=paratrechina&name=longicornis&project=&project= [Accessed 2 May 2006]

Graham, R. 2006. Crazy Ant (Paratrechina longicornis) Pest and Diseases Image Library. Updated on 29/08/2006 10:34:14 AM.
Summary: PaDIL (Pests and Diseases Image Library) is a Commonwealth Government initiative, developed and built by Museum Victoria s Online Publishing Team, with support provided by DAFF (Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry) and PHA (Plant Health Australia), a non-profit public company. Project partners also include Museum Victoria, the Western Australian Department of Agriculture and the Queensland University of Technology. The aim of the project is: 1) Production of high quality images showing primarily exotic targeted organisms of plant health concern to Australia. 2) Assist with plant health diagnostics in all areas, from initial to high level. 3) Capacity building for diagnostics in plant health, including linkage developments between training and research organisations. 4) Create and use educational tools for training undergraduates/postgraduates. 5) Engender public awareness about plant health concerns in Australia. PaDIL is available from : http://www.padil.gov.au/aboutOverview.aspx, this page is available from: http://www.padil.gov.au/viewPestDiagnosticImages.aspx?id=186 [Accessed 6 October 2006]

Harris, R.; Abbott, K.; Barton, K.; Berry, J.; Don, W.; Gunawardana, D.; Lester, P.; Rees, J.; Stanley, M.; Sutherland, A.; Toft, R. 2005: Invasive ant pest risk assessment project for Biosecurity New Zealand. Series of unpublished Landcare Research contract reports to Biosecurity New Zealand. BAH/35/2004-1.
Summary: The invasive ant risk assessment project, prepared for Biosecurity New Zealand by Landcare Research, synthesises information on the ant species that occur in New Zealand (native and introduced species), and on invasive ants that pose a potential threat to New Zealand.
There is a great deal of information in this risk assessment on invasive ant species that is of global interest, including; biology, distribution, pest status, control technologies.
The assessment project has five sections.1) The Ants of New Zealand: information sheets on all native and introduced ants established in New Zealand 2) Preliminary invasive ant risk assessment: risk scorecard to quantify the threat to New Zealand of 75 ant species. 3) Information sheets on invasive ant threats: information sheets on all ant species scored as medium to high risk (n = 39). 4) Pest risk assessment: A detailed pest risk assessment for the eight species ranked as having the highest potential risk to New Zealand (Anoplolepis gracilipes, Lasius neglectus, Monomorium destructor, Paratrechina longicornis, Solenopsis geminata, Solenopsis richteri, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Wasmannia auropunctata) 5) Ranking of high risk species: ranking of the eight highest risk ant species in terms of the risks of entry, establishment, spread, and detrimental consequences.
NB. The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta) is considered to be the worst ant pest in the world. However, Solenopsis invicta was specifically excluded from consideration in this risk assessment as this species has already been subject to detailed consideration by Biosecurity New Zealand
(This invasive ant pest risk assessment was funded by Biosecurity New Zealand and Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. Undertaken by Landcare Research in collaboration with Victoria University of Wellington and Otago Museum)
Available from: http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/invertebrates/Ants/ant_pest_risk.asp [Accessed 20 May 2007]

Harris, R.J. & Barker, G. (2007). Relative risk of invasive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) establishing in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 34: 161-178.

Hoffmann, Benjamin D and O Connor, Simon., 2004. Eradication of two exotic ants from Kakadu National Park. Ecological Management & Restoration, August 2004, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 98-105(8)

IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)., 2010. A Compilation of Information Sources for Conservation Managers.
Summary: This compilation of information sources can be sorted on keywords for example: Baits & Lures, Non Target Species, Eradication, Monitoring, Risk Assessment, Weeds, Herbicides etc. This compilation is at present in Excel format, this will be web-enabled as a searchable database shortly. This version of the database has been developed by the IUCN SSC ISSG as part of an Overseas Territories Environmental Programme funded project XOT603 in partnership with the Cayman Islands Government - Department of Environment. The compilation is a work under progress, the ISSG will manage, maintain and enhance the database with current and newly published information, reports, journal articles etc.

McGlynn, T.P. 1999. The Worldwide Transfer of Ants: Geographical Distribution and Ecological Invasions, Journal of Biogeography 26(3): 535-548.

Nickerson, J. C., and K. A. Barbara. 2000. Crazy ant: scientific name: Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Featured Creatures: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences.
Summary: Available from: http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/urban/ants/crazy_ant.htm [Accessed 17 March 2009]

Pacific Ant Prevention Programme, March 2004. Pacific Invasive Ant Group (PIAG) on behalf of the IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG).
Summary: A proposal prepared for the Pacific Plant Protection Organisation and Regional Technical Meeting For Plant Protection. This plan aims to prevent the red imported fire ant and other invasive ant species with economic, environmental and/or social impacts, entering and establishing in or spreading between (or within) countries of the Pacific Region.

Sarnat, E. M. (December 4, 2008) PIAkey: Identification guide to ants of the Pacific Islands, Edition 2.0, Lucid v. 3.4. USDA/APHIS/PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology and University of California � Davis.
Summary: PIAkey (Pacific Invasive Ant key) is an electronic guide designed to assist users identify invasive ant species commonly encountered in the Pacific Island region. The guide covers four subfamilies, 20 genera and 44 species.
The primary tool offered by PIAkey is an interactive key designed using Lucid3 software. In addition to being fully illustrated, the Lucid key allows users to enter at multiple character points, skip unknown characters, and find the most efficient path for identifying the available taxa. Each species is linked to its own web page. These species pages, or factsheets, are linked to an illustrated glossary of morphological terms, and include the following seven sections: 1) Overview of the species; 2) Diagnostic chart illustrating a unique combination of identification characters; 3) Comparison chart illustrating differences among species of similar appearance; 4) Video clip of the species behavior at food baits (where available); 5) Image gallery that includes original specimen images and live images (where available); 6) Nomenclature section detailing the taxonomic history of the species, and 7) Links and references section for additional literature and online resources.
Available from: http://www.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/PIAkey/index.html [Accessed 17 December 2008]

Stanley, M. C. 2004. Review of the efficacy of baits used for ant control and eradication. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0405/044. Prepared for: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.
Summary: Available from: http://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/research/biocons/invertebrates/ants/BaitEfficacyReport.pdf [Accessed 10 December 2005]

General information

Andersen, A. N., J. C. Z. Woinarski, and B. D. Hoffmann. 2004. Biogeography of the ant fauna of the Tiwi Islands, in northern Australia s monsoonal tropics. Australian Journal of Zoology 52:97-110.
Summary: Available from: http://publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=ZO03013.pdf [Accessed 13 November 2005]

Banks, W. A., and D. F. Williams. 1989. Competitive displacement of Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from baits by fire ants in Mato Grosso, Brazil. Journal of Entomological Science [J. ENTOMOL. SCI.]. Vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 381-391. 1989.
Summary: Abstract available from: http://www.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=2132095 [Accessed 13 November 2005]

Blard, F. 2006. Les fourmis envahissantes de l��le de la R�union�: Interaction comp�titives et facteurs d�invasion. Th�se de doctorat. Universit� de la R�union. 97 pp
Summary: Cette �tude porte sur les relations comp�titives entre trois esp�ces ainsi que sur les facteurs li�s � leur succ�s dans l invasion des milieux.

Espadaler, X., and V. Bernal. 2003. Exotic ants in the Canary Islands (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Vieraea. 31 2003. 1-7.

Freitag, A., K. Dorn, and D. Cherix. 2000. First occurrence of the crazy ant Paratrechina longicornis (LATREILLE) (Hym. Formicidae: Formicinae) in Switzerland. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft. 73(3-4). 2000. 301-303.

Harris, R. & Abbott, K. (n.d.). Invasive ant risk assessment: Paratrechina longicornis. Landcare Research/MAF Biosecurity New Zealand.

Heinze, J. 1986. A New find of Paratrechina longicornis Latreille 1802 on the Azores Portugal Hymenoptera Formicidae. Bocagiana (Funchal).(101). 1986. 1-3.

Hickman, B., and D. Bieman. 2004. Efficacy of Termidor and Phantom on Tropical Ant Complex in Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico.. National Conference on Urban Entomology May 20-22, 2004 Hyatt Regency Phoenix , Arizona.

Holway, D. A., L. Lach, A. V. Suarez, N. D. Tsutsui, and T. J. Case. 2002. The ecological causes and consequences of ant invasions. Annual review of ecology and systematics 33:181-233.
Summary: A comprehensive review about invasive ants in general.

Huang, W.S. (2008). Resources exploitation by ants facilitates lizard egg survival. Ecological Entomology 33: 555�559.

ITIS (Integrated Taxonomic Information System), 2005. Online Database Paratrechina longicornis
Summary: An online database that provides taxonomic information, common names, synonyms and geographical jurisdiction of a species. In addition links are provided to retrieve biological records and collection information from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Data Portal and bioscience articles from BioOne journals.
Available from: http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=154225 [Accessed 25 February 2008]

Jourdan, H., Mille, C. 2006. Les invert�br�s introduits dans l archipel n�o-cal�donien : esp�ces envahissantes et potentiellement envahissantes. Premi�re �valuation et recommandations pour leur gestion. In M.-L. Beauvais et al. (2006) : Les esp�ces envahissantes dans l�archipel n�o-cal�donien, Paris, IRD �ditions, 260 p.+ c�d�rom.
Summary: Cette synth�se sur les invert�br�s envahissants et potentiellement envahissants dans l archipel cal�donien a �t� r�alis�e dans le cadre d une expertise coll�giale men�e par l IRD.

Kamura, C.M., Morini, M.S.C.,, Figueiredo, C.J., Bueno, O.C. &Campos-Farinha, A.E.C. (2007). Ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in an urban ecosystem near the Atlantic Rainforest. Brazilian Journal of Biology 67(4): 635-641.

Lester, P. J., and A. Tavite. 2004. Long-legged ants, Anoplolepis gracilipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), have invaded Tokelau, changing composition and dynamics of ant and invertebrate communities.. Pacific Science, July 2004 v58 i3 p391(11).
Summary: Available from: http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/pacific_science/v058/58.3lester.pdf [Accessed 13 November 2005]

Lise, F., Roberto, F., Garcia, M. & Antonio, J. (2006). Association of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with bacteria in hospitals in the State of Santa Catarina. Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 39(6): 523-526.

Longino, J. T. 2004. Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille 1802). Ants of Costa Rica: The Evergreen State College.
Summary: Available from: http://www.evergreen.edu/ants/genera/paratrechina/species/longicornis/longicornis.html [Accessed 13 November 2005]

Miller, S. E. 1994. Dispersal of Plant Pests into the Virgin Islands. Florida Entomologist 77(4):520.

Neville, P.J., O Dowd, D.J. & Yen, A.L. (2008). Issues and implications for research on disturbed oceanic islands illustrated through an ant survey of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Journal of Insect Conservation 12: 313�323.

Onoyama, K., and M. Morisita. 2003. Paratrechina longicornis. Japanese Ant Database Group.
Summary: Available from: http://ant.edb.miyakyo-u.ac.jp/E/Taxo/F80502.html [Accessed 13 November 2005]

Pacheco, R. & Vasconcelos, H.L. (2007). Invertebrate conservation in urban areas: Ants in the Brazilian Cerrado. Landscape and Urban Planning 81: 193�199.

Pezzatti, B., T. Irzan, and D. Cherix. 1998. Ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Floreana . Lost Paradise?. From Noticias de Gal�pagos No.59 April 1998

Rizo, J. J. F. 1993. Ant fauna from Isla de la Juventud and from some keys of the Cuban Archipelago. Poeyana Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. 0(444). 1993. 1-7.

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