Lepidium latifolium 
System : Terrestrial
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Plantae
Magnoliophyta
Magnoliopsida
Capparales
Brassicaceae
- General
- Distribution
- Impact
- Management
- Bibliography
- Contact
Common name
piperisa (Spanish), peppergrass mustard (English), mastuerzo montesino (Spanish), tall whitetop (English), perennial pepperweed (English), broadleaf pepperweed (English), slender perennial peppercress (English), peppergrass (English), lepidio (Spanish), giant whiteweed (English), erva-pimenteira (Portuguese), grande passerage (French), Virginia pepperweed (English), ironweed (English), perennial peppercress (English), broad-leaf peppergrass (English), Breitblättrige Kresse (German)
Synonym
Cardaria latifolia , (L.) Spach
Similar species
Summary
Lepidium latifolium is an herbaceous perennial that invades wetlands, riparian areas and other water courses. It can tolerate a wide range of soil water potential and survive up to 50 days in submerged soil. Lepidium latifolium is extremely competitive and forms monospecific stands that crowd out desirable native species.
Species Description
L. latifolium is an herbaceous perennial crucifer (member of the mustard family). Because of its ability to survive with inhibited growth in saturated soil, L. latifolium is typical of a facultative hydrophyte. Stems can reach 1.5 metres in height. Foliage is glabrous and green to grey-green in colour. Rosette leaves are approximately 30cm long and 8cm wide with serrate margins on long petioles (3-15cm long). Stem leaves are highly reduced, tapered at the base, with margins entire to weakly serrate. These leaves are alternate and lanceolate to elliptic or oblong in shape. This plant forms dense clusters of flowers in panicles. Flowers have 4 green oval sepals less than 1mm long, 4 white, spoon-shaped petals approximately 1.5mm long, 6 stamens (4 long, 2 short), and a single pistil approximately 2mm long. Pods (silicles) produce a fruit that is round to slightly ovate in shape covered with long, simple hairs. The stigma is sessile, and remains on the fruit. Fruit is borne on pedicels that are much longer than the pods themselves. Fruit contain one seed per chamber that is ellipsoid, slightly flattened, approximately 1mm long and 0.5mm wide. These seeds are reddish-brown with a shallow groove on each side. Seeds fall from pods irregularly through winter and some may remain in pods until the following season (Chen and Qualls, 2003; and Renz, 2000).
Lifecycle Stages
Saturated conditions decrease growth of L. latifolium, but allow it to survive. In response to a soil flooding regime, adventitious roots on the stem base began to emerge after only 3 days of flooding and the number increased with the duration of inundation. This increase in adventitious roots was accompanied by an increase in the damage and death of original roots. These replacement roots usually emerged from the flooded stem base and reached the water surface above the flooded soil line, where a relatively high content of oxygen is available. These new roots had a positive role in supporting shoot growth during prolonged flooding. It responded to prolonged flooding by increasing root porosity, up to two times that of unflooded plants. L. latifolium can survive up to 50 days and had some limited reproductive capacity under soil flooding. (Chen et al. 2002).
Habitat Description
L. latifolium often is found in wetlands and riparian areas and can tolerate a wide range of soil water potential. It exhibits morphological adaptability to survive long periods of flooding by developing extensive aerenchyma in roots and adventitious roots on the base of flooded stems. It will also be found thriving along streams, rivers, ditches, irrigation canals, and salty marshes and has little difficulty invading native hay meadows (Allen et al. 2001; Chen and Qualls, 2003; Renz, 2000; and Wood, 1998).
Reproduction
L. latifolium reproduces from seed, as well as vegetatively from intact root systems or from pieces of rootstock as small as 2cm. Each mature plant has the capacity to produce thousands of seeds each year. Seeds typically germinate in spring in wet sand or mud. Seedlings grow rapidly and can produce flowering stems the first year. L. latifolium rarely produces seedlings where a monoculture exists. There is no known reason for this, as laboratory tests have shown seed viabilities to be high. Seeds lack a hard seed coat and lose viability rapidly, suggesting that resurgence of a treated infestation from the seed bank would be low. In fall and winter aerial stems die back to the ground, creating a thick thatch of dead stems in heavily infested areas. In early spring new shoots begin to form from the rootstocks. A single intact root crown can produce several flowering stems. The plant mainly propagates clonally from its brittle rhizome-like roots. Roots exposed by washouts and land disturbances fragment and move along riparian corridors to start new infestations downstream. Roots fragmented by the mechanical actions of land management practices increase infestation densities and facilitate spread (Boelk, 2005; and Cal-IPC, 2006).
Pathway
Robbins et al. (1951) state that L. latifolium may have been introduced to California as a contaminant of sugar beet seed, although no evidence is presented to support this (Cal-IPC, 2006).
Principal source: Chen et al. 2002. Adaptive responses of Lepidium latifolium to soil flooding: biomass allocation, adventitious rooting, aerenchyma formation and ethylene production.
Renz, 2000. Element Stewardship Abstract for Lepidium latifolium L.
Compiler: National Biological Information Infrastructure (NBII) & IUCN/SSC Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG)
Review: Debra A. Boelk, Staff Research Associate University of California - Cooperative Extension Stockton, California
Publication date: 2006-12-06
Recommended citation: Global Invasive Species Database (2024) Species profile: Lepidium latifolium. Downloaded from http://iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=996 on 24-11-2024.
General Impacts
L. latifolium is extremely competitive in many lowland ecosystems and habitats forming monospecific stands that crowd out desirable native species along with displacing threatened and endangered species. L. latifolium exhibits a wide range of ecological amplitude of adaptation to different environmental factors. Its adaptive nature and ability to tolerate an extremely wide range of soil moisture conditions has allowed it to spread explosively in recent years in wetlands and riparian areas. It is a highly flood tolerant species and survives both exceptionally long periods of flooding and relatively dry conditions with a deep perennial rhizome. This species is very difficult to manage (Chen et al. 2002; Chen and Qualls, 2003; and Renz, 2000).
Additionally, L. latifolium also alters the ecosystem that it grows in. Research has shown that these plants can act as \"salt pumps\" which take salt ions from deep in the soil profile, transport them up through their roots and deposit them near the surface. This can favour halophytes and other species are at a disadvantage, thereby shifting plant composition and diversity. If soil salinities are dramatically increased, an intensive soil remediation program may be necessary before desirable native species can reestablish (Renz, 2000).
Furthermore, significant amounts of litter can build up in dense infestations forming a layer impenetrable to light. This layer prevents the emergence of annual plants in these areas and may reduce competition from other species. If L. latifolium is controlled, it may be necessary to remove the litter to stimulate germination and growth of desirable plant species (Renz, 2000).
Management Info
Intense monitoring with early detection and removal is the best control measure for L. latifolium. Sources of infestations should be located and eliminated to prevent future re-invasions (Renz, 2000). 2,4-D has recently been shown to be a quite effective control measure in combination with mechanical manipulations (Boelk, D., pers.comm., 2006).
Chemical: Research has determined the most effective phenological stage to apply systemic herbicides to L. latifolium is the flowerbud to early flowering stage. Chlorsulfuron at 1.5 oz/A (0.052kg /ha) [Telar® at 2 oz/A with 0.1% silicone based or 0.25% nonionic surfactant] delivers the most consistent long-term control of L. latifolium. Metsulfuron methyl (Escort®) appears to work as well as chlorsulfuron, but this herbicide has not been studied in as much detail. Both of these herbicides are fairly selective and will not cause significant damage to many grass species. Imazapyr (Arsenal®) can also deliver excellent control, but is a fairly nonselective herbicide, thus lower plant diversity and more bare ground will occur in areas following the use of this herbicide (Renz, 2000).
Mechanical: In studies by Allen et al. (2001), L. latifolium was reduced from 37 plants/m to 8.3 plants for grazed pastures and 38 plants/m to 17.7 plants for mowed pastures, a reduction of 78% and 46%, respectively, for one season. Sheep grazing reduced the number of L. latifolium plants without negatively impacting the growth of other native plant species. Additionally, grazing sheep on heavily infested areas and in topographically challenged regions may be more beneficial, especially if machine access is limited. Cattle and sheep will also graze on young foliage of L. latifolium when it grows amid other plants, but will not graze pure, dense stands (Allen et al. 2001; and Wood, 1998).
Biological: \r\nWood (1998) believes that L. latifolium is an unlikely candidate for biological control by beneficial weed-eating insects because it is a member of the mustard family and is related to several agricultural crops, including broccoli, cabbage, and horseradish. But a bio-control program for Hoary cress (Lepidium draba) has recently begun at ARS, Sidney, WY, USA using the collar gall weevil from Lepidium’s native range. Physiologically, greenhouse studies have shown that L. latifolium depletes soil nutrients, and that introducing certain native plant species with superior root systems and nutrient uptake, may be better suited for searching out nutrients and possibly out competing L. latifolium (Wood, 1998).
