"Species","Countries of impact","Impact mechanism","EICAT Category","Evidence for EICAT category","Confidence rating","Justification for confidence rating","Impacted native species","Reference", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Italy","Competition","MC","A higher degree of diet overlap than expected by chance was found between juvenile American bullfrogs and green frogs.","Low","Single study area, infer potential competition.","Pelophylax kl. esculentus","Bissattini AM, Buono V, Vignoli L (2019) Disentangling the trophic interactions between American bullfrogs and native anurans: Complications resulting from post?metamorphic ontogenetic niche shifts. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29 (2): 270-281.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MN","In 10 of the 24 arenas, more R. pretiosa juveniles were consumed than R. a. aurora, in four arenas, more R. a. aurora were consumed than R. pretiosa and in 10 arenas, equal numbers of the two natives were consumed.","Low","Experimental arenas were used to determine the affects of the american bull for on native species.","Rana aurora aurora, Rana pretiosa","Pearl CA, Adams MJ, Bury RB, McCreary B (2004) Asymmetrical effects of introduced bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) on native ranid frogs in Oregon. Copeia 2004 (1): 11-20.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MO","First, we found that invertebrate richness and abundance did not differ markedly between two invaded ponds (with bullfrogs) and the three removal ponds (no bullfrogs or mosquitofish). Despite this limitation, we did see substantially lower invertebrate abundance and richness at one pond with bullfrogs and mosquitofish (Canelo Pond) as compared to all other sites.","Low","Low sample size (n = 1), presence of other invasive predator, correlation-based inference.","Tropisternus lateralis, Chironomus sp., Buenoa scimitra, Graptocorixa sp.","Hale JR, Mims MC, Bogan MT, Olden JD (2017) Links between two interacting factors, novel habitats and non-native predators, and aquatic invertebrate communities in a dryland environment. Hydrobiologia 746 (1): 313-326.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","China","Predation","MC","We found that densities of the three native frogs experiencing only crayfish invasions were significantly higher than those with both invaders (Kruskal?Wallis test, ?2 = 29.342, p < .001) and with only invasive bullfrogs (?2 = 29.347, p < .001), for which we observed the lowest native frog densities (Figure 5).","Low","Species abundance was recorded over severel different islands in a 10 year time period. The predation of native anurans by L. catesbianus was infered.","Fejervarya limnocharis, Pelophylax nigromaculatus, Bufo bufo gargarizans","Liu X, Wang S, Ke Z, Cheng C, Wang Y, Zhang F, Xu F, Li X, Gao X, Jin C, Zhu W (2018) More invaders do not result in heavier impacts: The effects of non?native bullfrogs on native anurans are mitigated by high densities of non?native crayfish. journal of animal ecology 87 (3): 850-862.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Brazil","Predation","MN","Anurans were the most important category in the diet of adult bullfrogs of both sexes, representing nearly half of the relative prey importance. This was clearly related to the role of anurans as the only important vertebrate prey of L. catesbeianus.","Medium","291 frogs were collected from the final stretch of the middle Jacui River over a 13 month period and their stomach content was analyzed.","Hypsiboas pulchellus, Physalaemus cuvieri, Odontophrynus americanus, Scinax fuscovarius, Dendropsophus minutes","Boelter RA, Kaefer IL, Both C, Cechin S (2012) Invasive bullfrogs as predators in a Neotropical assemblage: What frog species do they eat? Animal Biology 62 (4): 397-408.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Venezuela","Transmission of diseases to native species","MC","Our data support the third hypothesis, that R. catesbeiana can act as a reservoir host for chytridiomycosis. The high prevalence of B. dendrobatidis at our survey site and the rapidly expanding population of the host suggests that chytridiomycosis has a negligible effect on bullfrog populations in Venezuela. Even if this is the case, it is still likely that the presence of dense populations of bullfrogs that are expanding geographically will affect native amphibian fauna by increasing the overall number of infected hosts (and therefore transmission rate) and promoting spread of this disease.","Low","Alien bullfrogs were tested for Bd however the transmision of the disease was not documented in native species.","","Hanselmann R, Rodr?guez A, Lampo M, Fajardo-Ramos L, Aguirre AA, Kilpatrick AM, Rodr?guez JP, Daszak P (2004) Presence of an emerging pathogen of amphibians in introduced bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana in Venezuela. Biological Conservation 120 (1): 115-119.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Colombia","Competition","MN","In our study, over-wintered Bullfrog tadpoles were added to aquatic amphibian communities and, regardless of hydroperiod treatment, they had negative effects on responses correlated with amphibian fitness. The presence of overwintered Bullfrog tadpoles reduced the mass at metamorphosis of Southern Leopard Frog and shortened the lar-val period and reduced mass at metamorphosis for Spotted Salamanders; American Toad tad-poles, however, were not significantly affected by the presence of Bullfrogs.","Low","The effects between the species were determined with a mesocosm and laboratory experiments.","Ambystoma maculatum, Rana sphenocephala, Bufo americanus","Boone MD, Little EE, Semlitsch RD (2004) Overwintered bullfrog tadpoles negatively affect salamanders and anurans in native amphibian communities. Copeia 2004 (3): 683-690.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Canada","Predation","MN","Insects were found in 93% of the 4,602 bullfrog stomachs with contents, which is consistent with Korschgen and Moyle?s (1955) 83.5% from a much smaller sample (n = 455). Of native amphibians, the Pacific treefrog was the most frequently eaten by bullfrogs (Table 6). Treefrogs peaked in the bullfrog diet in May (39%) as male treefrogs migrate into the water to set up a mating chorus closely followed by females. At least 30% of treefrogs eaten in April and May were females, and 53% of these were gravid. red-listed western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta bellii), the blue-listed northern red-legged frog (Rana (Lithobates) aurora), and, the aquatic-foraging and red-listed, American water shrew (Sorex palustris brooksi). Bullfrogs were found to be consuming hatchling western painted turtles as they entered the water.","High","5075 bullfrogs were collected for stomach content analyses from 60 lakes and ponds spread across the coastal lowlands of southeastern Vancouver Island over a five year period.","Gasterosteus aculeatus, Hyla regilla, Tarchica granulosa, Cottus sp., Sorex sp., Microtus townsendi, Lepomis gibbosus, Chrysemys picta, Rana aurora, Ambystoma gracile, Oncorhynchus kisutch","Jancowski K, Orchard S (2013) Stomach contents from invasive American bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana (= Lithobates catesbeianus) on southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. NeoBiota 16: 17.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Brazil","Competition","MC","Diet overlap of equivalent age groups varied from low to intermediate between species. Our results showed that that dietary differences may be one of the factors allowing the coexistence of both species at the studied area, although not excluding possible negative impacts on native thin-toed frogs because of the presence of invasive bullfrogs.","Medium","Alien and native species were collected from two sites 1,5km from each other. The stomach content of the collected frogs were analysed.","Leptodactylus cf. latrans","da Silva ET, Both C, Ribeiro Filho OP (2016) Food habits of invasive bullfrogs and native thin-toed frogs occurring in sympatry in southeastern Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology 11 (1): 25-33.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Canada","Competition","MC","Given that the decrease in treefrog survival caused by bullfrogs is likely to be small and the variation due to intra-specific density and temperature large, it is not surprising that we were unable to detect a decrease in survival related to bullfrogs under field conditions","Low","Field observations of the interaction between the two species were made however it was on a small spacial scale (Only 4 ponds).","Pseudacris regilla","Govindarajulu PP, Anholt BR (2006) Interaction between biotic and abiotic factors determines tadpole survival rate under natural conditions. Ecoscience 13 (3): 413-421.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Ecuador","Competition","MC","No food competition was detected between the bullfrog and the native species.","Medium","Stomach content of the native and alien species were examined and compared to determine diet overlap.","","Hidalgo Tandazo, G. M., & Hidalgo Tandazo, G. M. (2013). Disponibilidad y morfometría lineal del alimento para la rana toro (lithobates catesbeiana, anura: ranidae) y anuros nativos (rhinella marina, hypsiboas lanciformes, hypsiboas calcaratus) en Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador (Doctoral dissertation).", "Lithobates catesbeianus","China","Competition","MN","Diet overlap with each native frog species of male Bullfrogs was lower than that of female Bullfrogs and juvenile Bullfrogs. We did not exam effects of Bullfrogs on native frogs but our results suggest that the primary threat posed by juvenile Bullfrogs to native frogs on Daishan Island is competition for food, whereas the primary threat posed by male Bullfrogs is direct predation. Female Bullfrogs may threaten native frogs by both competition and predation. These differences among Bullfrog groups may be attributed to differences in body size and microhabitat use.","Medium","The bulfrogs and native species were collected from ponds in a area of 500×100m and the stomach content of these species were analysed.","Rana limnocharis, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Rana nigromaculata, Rana japonica, Passer montanus, Misgurnus anguillicadatus","Wu Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Adams MJ (2005) Diet of introduced Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana): predation on and diet overlap with native frogs on Daishan Island, China. Journal of Herpetology 39 (4): 668-674.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MN","Adult bullfrogs had significant effects on the survival of R. aurora metamorphs (t11 - 4.7, p < 0.001). Survival of metamorphs in the presence and absence of adult bullfrogs was 27.7% and 84.7%, respectively.","Low","Interaction between the species were determmined in artificial enclosures.","Rana aurora","Kiesecker JM, Blaustein AR (1998) Effects of introduced bullfrogs and smallmouth bass on microhabitat use, growth, and survival of native red?legged frogs (Rana aurora). Conservation biology 12 (4): 776-787.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Canada","Transmission of diseases to native species","MC","Our observations of the lung flukes that we examined did not support the prediction of the parasite release hypothesis.","High","Determined the diversity of parasites in native and invasive bullfrogs and other native fauna.","","Dare OK, Forbes MR (2013) Do invasive bullfrogs in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, show evidence of parasite release? Journal of helminthology 87 (2): 195.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Brazil","Predation","MN","The most frequent prey categories of adult males were post-metamorphic anura and Diplopoda. A total of 49 anurans were consumbed by bullfrogs, being 40 post-metmorphic and nine tadpoles, one of them a L. catesbeianus tadpole.","Medium","129 specimens were collected from four study sites over a period of 1,5 years. The stomach content of these frog were analysed.","Anura, Diplopoda, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae","Da Silva ET, Dos Reis EP, Feio RN, Ribeiro Filho OP (2009) Diet of the invasive frog Lithobates catesbeianus (shaw, 1802)(anura: raniDae) in viçosa, Minas gerais state, Brazil. south american Journal of herpetology 4 (3): 286-294.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","China","Predation","MO","Both of post-metamorphosis individuals and juveniles preyed upon native frogs. Importantly, Jacobs? selection index showed a bullfrog preference for the Yunnan pond frog (Babina pleuraden), one native endemic anuran with population decline, in terms of both food volume and occurrence.","Medium","Stomach content analyses & inferred % native prey selection through abundances of local prey items available for frogs, speculates that bullfrogs result of population decline of two native frog sp.","Dinodon rufozonatum, Babina pleuraden ","Liu X, Luo Y, Chen J, Guo Y, Bai C, Li Y (2015) Diet and prey selection of the Invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) in southwestern China. Asian herpetological research 6 (1): 34-44.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Competition","MN","The presence of R. catesbeiana adults and tadpoles significantly interacted to effect R. aurora growth, devel-opment, and survivorship.","Low","Interactions between the species were observed in an enclosure study and not in the field.","Rana aurora","Kiesecker JM, Blaustein AR (1998) Effects of introduced bullfrogs and smallmouth bass on microhabitat use, growth, and survival of native red?legged frogs (Rana aurora). Conservation biology 12 (4): 776-787.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Competition","MN","Bullfrogs reduced treefrog developmental stage (Fig. 1B; ANOVA, F3,12 ¼ 7.59, P ¼ 0.017), toad developmental stage, and size (Fig. 1B; ANOVA, stage F3,16 ¼ 35.63, P , 0.001; SVL F3,16 ¼ 18.52, P ¼ 0.001; wet mass 13.45, P¼0.002) F3,16 ¼.","Low","139 ponds were surveyed for the presence of alien and native species where as mesocosm experiments were used to study the interaction between the alien and native species.","Pseudacris regilla","Preston DL, Henderson JS, Johnson PT (2012) Community ecology of invasions: direct and indirect effects of multiple invasive species on aquatic communities. Ecology 93 (6): 1254-1261.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Competition","MN","Consequences of bullfrog tadpole grazing could extend to changes in primary production and habitat heterogeneity as structured by the abundance of the dominant macroalga, Cladophora.","Medium","Distribution patterns were determined with field observations, whereas interactions were done with an enclosure study.","Rana boylii","Kupferberg SJ (1997) Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition. Ecology 78 (6): 1736-1751.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Argentina","Predation","MN","Our results showed that cannibalism in bullfrogs is more common than the consumption of native anurans, coinciding with that reported in other populations of introduced bullfrogs. Freshwater crabs are the main items in the diet of Lithobates catesbeianus in other introduced populations and are usually the most conspicuous at our study site.","Medium","A total of 169 bullfrogs were captured, euthanised and the stomach content was analysed.","Jenynsia multidentata","Quiroga LB, Moreno MD, Cataldo AA, Aragón-Traverso JH, Pantano MV, Olivares JP, Sanabria EA (2015) Diet composition of an invasive population of Lithobates catesbeianus (American Bullfrog) from Argentina. Journal of Natural History 49 (27-28): 1703-1716.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Italy","Predation","DD","In adult American bullfrogs (11% with empty stomachs), the alien crayfish P. clarkii represented the most important food item (IRI = 8186.25; FO = 84%) (Table 1), whereas for juvenile American bullfrogs (16% with empty stomachs) the most important food items were isopods (IRI = 1884.64; FO = 42%) (Table 1).","Medium","Stomach content and stable isotope analyses were done on frog collected from a single wetland.","Haplotaxida, Pulmonata, Araneae, Isopoda, Procambarus clarkii, Julida, Coleoptera, Dermaptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mecoptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Actinopterygii, Pelophylax kl. esculentus","Bissattini AM, Buono V, Vignoli L (2019) Disentangling the trophic interactions between American bullfrogs and native anurans: Complications resulting from post?metamorphic ontogenetic niche shifts. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 29 (2): 270-281.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Argentina","Transmission of diseases to native species","MC","We examined 103 individuals of which 12 tested positive for Bd. Until now, the only other work that has looked into Bd infection of feral bullfrogs in central Argentina did not detect chytrid (25 specimens examined histologically) (17). Our results confirmed the presence of Bd in feral bullfrogs from western Argentina.","Low","Reports occurence of Bd in new bullfrog populations, speculates transmission to native species","","Ghirardi R, López JA, Sanabria EA, Quiroga LB, Levy MG (2017) Pathogenic fungus in feral populations of the invasive North American bullfrog in Argentina. Belgian Journal of Zoology 147 (2): 81-86.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Indirect impacts through interactions with other species","MN","Their use of microhabitat, however, changed in the presence of both bullfrogs and bass compared to bullfrogs only (Table 5). The mean ranked distance from the shore of R. aurora in the combined treatment was not as high as in the bullfrog only treatment (Fig. 4b,d). This suggests that red-legged frog larvae responded to smallmouth bass, but only after they had moved into deeper water in the presence of bullfrogs. In experiment 3, the habitat shift of R. aurora in the presence of bullfrog larvae likely led to increased predation by smallmouth bass.","Low","Interactions between the species were observed in an enclosure study and not in the field.","Rana aurora","Kiesecker JM, Blaustein AR (1998) Effects of introduced bullfrogs and smallmouth bass on microhabitat use, growth, and survival of native red?legged frogs (Rana aurora). Conservation biology 12 (4): 776-787.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Uruguay","Transmission of diseases to native species","DD","Nonclinical (silent) infections in farmed bullfrogs suggest that this species may act as a carrier of chytridiomycosis, which has serious implications for conservation of biodiversity. Cutaneous chytrid infection was detected during an investigation into mass deaths in farmed North American bullfrogs. Although chytridiomycosis has been reported as an important cause of mass deaths in wild amphibians, whether chytrid infection was the cause of deaths in the disease outbreak described in this paper is unclear.","Low","Farmed bullforgs were tested for Bd. No native species were tested for Bd.","","Mazzoni R, Cunningham AA, Daszak P, Apolo A, Perdomo E, Speranza G (2003) Emerging pathogen in wild amphibians and frogs (Rana catesbeiana) farmed for international trade. Emerging infectious diseases 9 (8): 995.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Japan","Transmission of diseases to native species","MN","A mass die-off of wild North American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) larvae was discovered in a 1,000-m2 pond in western Japan. The die-off lasted from September 10 through October 20, 2008, with an epidemic peak on September 20, during which several thousand carcasses were collected daily, Ranavirus in R. Catesbeiana frogs represents a serious threat to amphibians throughout Japan.","Medium","Only reports the occurance of ranavirus in bullfrogs, transmission is speculated.","","Une Y, Sakuma A, Matsueda H, Nakai K, Murakami M (2009) Ranavirus outbreak in North American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), Japan, 2008. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 (7): 1146.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Belgium","Transmission of diseases to native species","MC","Despite the low prevalence of Ranavirus infection (0.75%) in the bullfrog tadpoles examined, this study shows that invasive bullfrogs, a known reservoir of chytridiomycosis, are also a likely carrier of ranaviral disease in Europe.","Low","Alien bullfrogs were tested for ranavirus however the transmision of the disease was not documented in native species.","","Sharifian Fard M, Pasmans F, Adriaensen C, Devisscher S, Adriaens T, Louette G, Martel A (2011) Ranavirosis in invasive bullfrogs, Belgium. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17 (12): 2371-2372.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","France","Transmission of diseases to native species","MC","Native adult newts co-housed with experimentally infected bullfrog tadpoles became Bd infected (molecular and histological tests). Moreover, the exposed adult newts suffered mortality while the majority of infected bullfrog tadpoles survived until metamorphosis.","Medium","Experimentally housed Bd infected bullfrogs with native newts. Does not report on in situ infections","Ichthysaura alpestris","Miaud C, Dejean T, Savard K, Millery-Vigues A, Valentini A, Gaudin NC, Garner TW (2016) Invasive North American bullfrogs transmit lethal fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infections to native amphibian host species. Biological Invasions 18 (8): 2299-2308.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Ecuador","Competition","MN","The analysis of the number of prey consumed shows the importance of ants in the diet of both species studied, followed by the larvae of diptera (18.69%) and isopods (5.71%). However, in the volumetric analysis, the ants move to the twelfth place of importance, with Lithobates catesbeiana tadpoles being the food with the highest volume consumed. However, if it is considered that cannibalism was only registered in six individuals of the 134 Lithobates catesbeiana with stomachs with prey, this value is depreciable, so the following dietary categories were considered for this analysis; such as snails and slugs (Gastropoda), lepidopteran larvae and coleopterans (Scarabaeidae) as the most representative orders (Table 2).","Low","The stomach content of 16 frogs were examined.","","Herrera Valladares, L. P (2011) Superposición de nicho trófico entre la rana toro (lithobates catesbeiana) y el sapo (rhinella marina) en Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador (Doctoral dissertation).", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Uruguay","Competition","MO","The invaded pond community exhibit significant differences in relation with the not invaded ponds: (1) the absence of native H. pulchellus larva, (2) the highest aquatic vertebrate richness, (3) a higher body size of the common fish species, and (4) L. catesbeianus tadpoles are the highest fraction of total vertebrate biomass.","Low","Tadpoles was collected from 7 invaded water bodies were collected and vertebrate assemblage conformation in the invaded system was compared to two other sampled systems of similar geomorphologic and hydric regime characteristics.","Hypsiboas pulchellus","Laufer G, Canavero A, Núñez D, Maneyro R (2008) Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) invasion in Uruguay. Biological Invasions 10 (7): 1183-1189.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Uruguay","Predation","MN","The invaded pond community exhibit significant differences in relation with the not invaded ponds: (1) the absence of native H. pulchellus larva, (2) the highest aquatic vertebrate richness, (3) a higher body size of the common fish species, and (4) L. catesbeianus tadpoles are the highest fraction of total vertebrate biomass.","High","Tadpoles was collected from 7 invaded water bodies were collected and vertebrate assemblage conformation in the invaded system was compared to two other sampled systems of similar geomorphologic and hydric regime characteristics","Cnesterodon descenmaculatus, Cheirodon interruptus, Cichlasoma facetum, Gymnogeophagus meridionalis","Laufer G, Canavero A, Núñez D, Maneyro R (2008) Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) invasion in Uruguay. Biological Invasions 10 (7): 1183-1189.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MN","Predation of bullfrog on salmon.","Medium","Observation","Onchorynchus kisutch","Garwood JM, Ricker SJ, Anderson CW (2010) Bullfrog predation on a juvenile coho salmon in Humboldt County, California. Northwestern Naturalist 91 (1): 99-101.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MN","We also found increased mortality of allotopic R. aurora tadpoles compared to that of syntopic tadpoles when in the presence of both R. catesbeiana larvae and adults. In our tests, it was only when food was present that we observed predation of R. aurora by R. catesbeiana tadpoles. The presence of food and feeding behavior may elicit predation on R. Aurora Thus, R. catesbeiana may directly influ-ence R. aurora survival through predation, but also may indirectly influence their survival through the an-tipredator behaviors that they elicit.","Low","Interaction between the native and alien species were determined in a laboratory setup","Rana aurora","Kiesecker JM, Blaustein AR (1997) Population differences in responses of red?legged frogs (Rana aurora) to introduced bullfrogs. Ecology 78 (6): 1752-1760.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MN","Predation by bullfrogs on postmetamorphic native anurans could have gone undetected if the effect of this predation did not carry over to subsequent breeding efforts.","High","Field observations were made over the full range of the native species. The study also spanned over a two year period.","Rana aurora","Adams MJ (1999) Correlated factors in amphibian decline: exotic species and habitat change in western Washington. The Journal of wildlife management 1162-1171.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","DD","The likelihood of extinction for red-legged frogs in the model simulations was largely influenced by the flood frequency...The probability of a flood decreases the density of adult bullfrogs and therefore increases the range of attack rates for which coexistence is possible... In the model, we assume cannibalism, and, unfortunately, this mechanism cannot be tested directly without prohibitive effort...These 2 simulations reveal that the flood sequence within the first 10 years after a bullfrog introduction is a critical window dictating the outcome of coexistence versus extinction.","","","","Doubledee RA, Muller EB, Nisbet RM (2003) Bullfrogs, disturbance regimes, and the persistence of California red-legged frogs. The Journal of wildlife management 424-438.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MO","Even though occupancy of invasive predators was stationary and their presence in a pond reduced the probability of salamander presence by 23%, occupancy of Sonoran Tiger Salamanders increased, annually, by 2.2%.","High","156 ponds were search over large part of the native species distribution in a period of 8 years. Ponds with alien fish predotors, which were able to prey on the native anuran species, were excluded from the study.","Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi","Hossack BR, Honeycutt RK, Sigafus BH, Muths E, Crawford CL, Jones TR, Sorensen JA, Rorabaugh JC, Chambert T (2017) Informing recovery in a human-transformed landscape: Drought-mediated coexistence alters population trends of an imperiled salamander and invasive predators. Biological Conservation 209: 377-394.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","","Transmission of diseases to native species","DD","Our experimental results collectively suggest that (1) American bullfrogs may be important carriers of inapparent, yet transmissible ranavirus infections for long periods, (2) the intensities of infections are sensitive to temperature, and (3) detecting lowlevel, persistent infections with non-lethal samples may prove challenging.","","","","Brunner JL, Olson AD, Rice JG, Meiners SE, Le Sage MJ, Cundiff JA, Goldberg CS, Pessier AP (2019) Ranavirus infection dynamics and shedding in American bullfrogs: consequences for spread and detection in trade. Diseases of aquatic organisms 135 (2): 135-150.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Brazil","","DD","","","","","Both C, Melo AS (2015) Diversity of anuran communities facing bullfrog invasion in Atlantic Forest ponds. Biological Invasions 17 (4): 1137-1147.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Brazil","","DD","","","","","Medeiros CI, Both C, Grant T, Hartz SM (2017) Invasion of the acoustic niche: variable responses by native species to invasive American bullfrog calls. Biological invasions 19 (2): 675-790.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","","DD","Causes of recent apparent widespread decline of R. chiricahuensis and R. pipiens in Arizona are poorly understood. Rana catesbeiana and exotic predatory fishes were rarely present at most localities, suggesting that neither represent causal agents.","","","","Clarkson RW, Rorabaugh JC (1989) Status of leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex: Ranidae) in Arizona and southeastern California. The Southwestern Naturalist 531-538.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MC","American bullfrogs were associated with reduced detectability for both northern red-legged frogs and long-toed salamanders, which, when present, were 2.6 and 4.2 times less likely to be detected, respectively, when bullfrogs were present (Table 3)''. ''Unlike centrarchids, we found little evidence that American bullfrogs adversely impacted native amphibian occupancy. Bullfrogs reduced detection of the northern red-legged frog and the long-toed salamander, which might reflect these two species altering their behavior, such as habitat switching when bullfrogs were present.","High","103 sites were sampled across three years along a entire river system","Rana aurora, Ambystoma gracile","Holgerson MA, Duarte A, Hayes MP, Adams MJ, Tyson JA, Douville KA, Strecker AL (2019) Floodplains provide important amphibian habitat despite multiple ecological threats. Ecosphere 10 (9): e02853.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Puerto Rico","Predation","MN","In none of the fifty frogs dissected during all seasons of the year in Puerto Rico was there any evidence that this amphibian feeds on the toad's pollywogs. mong the insects of economic importance found in the frog's stomach-contents are the following : Periplaneta australasiae the Australian roach ; Gryllus assimilis the common cricket, very destructive to foodstuffs, plants and to clothing; Nasusiterms costalis the ''comejn'' termite; Metamasius hemipterus the rotten cane stalk borer Cosmopolites sordidus -the banana corm borer, very injurious to bananas; Diaprepes, abbreviatus?a common injurious leaf weevil which attacks almost every crop both as larva arid adult Megadytes giganteus-ferocious enemy of pollywogs of all species; Belostoimi boscii - enemy of pollywogs, fish, other aquatic insects; Prodenia cutworms; Pyralids (caterpillars); Musca domestica the common housefly; Solenopsis geminata the fire ant, very injurious to many crops.","Low","Stomach content was studied of 50 frogs.","Periplaneta australasiae, Gryllus assimilis, Nasusitermes costalis, Metamasius hemipterus, Cosmopolites sordidus, Diaprepes abbreviatus, Megadytes giganteus, Belostoimi boscii, Prodenia Pyralids, Musca domestica, Solenopsis geminata","Perez ME (1951) The Food of Rana catesbeiana Show in Puerto Rico. Herpetologica 7 (3): 102-104.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Japan","Predation","MN","The present study revealed that adult bullfrogs highly depended on crayfish, and juveniles fed on diverse arthropods.","Low","128 bullfrogs were collected from a single pond and their stomach content was analysed.","Pisces, Hirudinea, Oligochaeta, Basommatophora, Gastropoda, Diplopoda, Chilopoda, Crustacea, Arachnida, Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Odonata","Hirai T (2004) Diet composition of introduced bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in the Mizorogaike Pond of Kyoto, Japan. Ecological Research 19 (4): 375-380.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Jamaica","Predation","MN","The results of the gut analysis are shown in Table 1. It is evident that the frogs were feeding similarly in the new environment to the way in which they are reported to feed in various parts of North America.","Low","The stomach content of 69 adults were analysed.","Gastropoda, Odonata, Hirundea, Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Coleoptera, Pisces, Orthoptera, Diplopoda, Arachnida","Mahon R, Aiken K (1977) The establishment of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) in Jamaica. Journal of Herpetology 197-199.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","China","Predation","MN","We recorded one red-banded snake (Dinodon rufozonatum) in the stomach of a female bullfrog in Shiping.","Medium","Stomach content analyses & inferred % native prey selection through abundances of local prey items available for frogs, speculates that bullfrogs result of population decline of two native frog sp","Dinodon rufozonatum","Liu X, Luo Y, Chen J, Guo Y, Bai C, Li Y (2015) Diet and prey selection of the Invasive American bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) in southwestern China. Asian herpetological research 6 (1): 34-44.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","China","Predation","MN","Chordata in the stomachs of Bullfrogs included three R. limnocharis, three B. b. gargarizans, two R. nigromaculata, one R. japonica, one bird (Passer montanus), one fish (Misgurnus anguillicadatus), and one tail of an unidentified lizard.","Medium","The bullfrogs and native species were collected from ponds in a area of 500×100m and the stomach content of these species were analysed.","Rana limnocharis, Bufo bufo gargarizans, Rana nigromaculata, Rana japonica, Passer montanus, Misgurnus anguillicadatus","Wu Z, Li Y, Wang Y, Adams MJ (2005) Diet of introduced Bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana): predation on and diet overlap with native frogs on Daishan Island, China. Journal of Herpetology 39 (4): 668-674.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","China","Predation","MN","Bullfrog tadpoles rarely consumed the eggs of native anurans, but were attracted to both bullfrog eggs and bullfrog skin secretions.","Low","Predation of eggs was determined in a laboratory.","Fejervarya limnocharis, Pelophylax nigromaculatus, Microhyla ornata, Bufo gargarizans, Bufo raddei, Rana chensinensis, Bombina orientalis, Rana amurensis, Rana dybowskii, Rana kukunoris","Xu C, Gao X, Crossland MR, Liu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Shine R, Li Y (2017) Foraging responses of the larvae of invasive bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus): possible implications for bullfrog control and ecological impact in China. Asian Herpetological Research 8 (4): 253-261.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Canada","Transmission of diseases to native species","MC","Over 20% of our samples tested positive for Bd infection. While the relationship between bullfrog introductions and the spread of Bd has not been clearly established, studies of this area suggest Bd may be playing a powerful role in species declines. Although introduced bullfrogs can be removed as a conservation measure, Bd likely has a capacity to persist across a variety of environmental conditions.","Low","Native and invasive bullforgs were tested for Bd. Transmission of the disease is speculated.","","Garner TW, Perkins MW, Govindarajulu P, Seglie D, Walker S, Cunningham AA, Fisher MC (2006) The emerging amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis globally infects introduced populations of the North American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana. Biology letters 2 (3): 455-459.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Predation","MO","California red-legged frogs altered microhabitat use in response to bullfrog presence and this effect was generally strongest for the largest California red-legged frog individuals.","High","Interaction between the American bull frog and the California red-legged frogs was observed over an area of 400 ha that contained 20 ponds.","Rana draytonii","D'Amore A, Kirby E, McNicholas M (2009) Invasive species shifts ontogenetic resource partitioning and microhabitat use of a threatened native amphibian. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 19 (5): 534-541.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Competition","MN","We found that manipulating the distribution of food resources can alter the outcome of competition between red-legged frogs and bullfrogs. Relative to controls, we found that red-legged frog tadpoles exposed to bull-frogs in clumped-resource environments grew 25.9% slower, and that 22.1% fewer survived to metamorphosis. Thus, habitat modification that results in clumped resources may favor bullfrog persistence and displacement of red-legged frogs.","Low","Interaction between the two species were studied in an artificial setup and not in the field.","Rana aurora","Kiesecker JM, Blaustein AR, Miller CL (2001) Potential mechanisms underlying the displacement of native red?legged frogs by introduced bullfrogs. Ecology 82 (7): 1964-1970.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","U.S.A.","Competition","MO","The negative effects of bullfrog larvae on R. boylii recruitment observed in these experiments may explain the pattern of low R. boylii abundance in dense bullfrog reaches.","Medium","A census of 9,3km of river along the invasion front was done for both the native and invasive species over a four year period. Mesocosm experiments were done to determine the interaction between the native and alien species. There was no field observations of the alien species imapcting the native species.","Rana boylii, Hyla regilla","Kupferberg SJ (1997) Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) invasion of a California river: the role of larval competition. Ecology 78 (6): 1736-1751.", "Lithobates catesbeianus","Uruguay","Predation","MO","Larvae of Scinax sp. (F?=?6.30, P?